These limits are used to derive indices (e.g., index of plasticity and index of consistency) and are often used for the mechanical characterization of soils. The values for these limits are dependent on various soil parameters (e.g., particle size, specific surface area of the particles that are able to attract water molecules). The liquid and plastic limits are the most commonly used. These transitions are defined as shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit, and are referred to as Atterberg limits. The method is based on the determination of the water content at distinct transitions between different states of soil consistency. In the early 1900s, the Swedish chemist Albert Atterberg developed a classification system and method with which these states of consistency could be determined. The states range from: (dry) solid state → semi-solid state → plastic state → liquid state (wet)ĭifferent soils contain a specific amount of water at these different states of stability. This property is described as consistency and specifies the state of a remolded and cohesive soil. Soils show different states of stability depending on the water content.
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